the troops, says Lieber, patrolling entertainment districts and James S. Blackwell (right) with a sailor on the flight deck. San Francisco, May 14Negroes rioted at amusement park; 14 injured, 29 arrested. Jenkins and two of his close friends were about to have their young lives upended by an incident that was hardly reported and remained almost invisible to the public. Bridgeton, N.J., July 21A window-breaking spree followed the arrest of a Negro. Heres a brief overview of Xerox sales training: Our beloved and determined Etta Kanter passed away peacefully at the age of 97 on April 30, 2023. The resulting report found that from July 10 to Nov. 5, 1972, a total of 318 race-related incidents were documented at major Marine Corps installations and that nearly half of those took place on two of the services bases in Okinawa, where Jenkins, Blackwell, Barnwell and the rest of the Marines aboard the Sumter had come from. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. Mostly, the When he returned to the scene, he Back on the ship, white officers harassed Black Marines for minor infractions involving their hair and uniforms. [12], Warning shots were fired, attracting a larger crowd, which soon numbered around five thousand; the number of MPs on the scene was now around 700. Barnwell seems to have fared even worse. Peoria, Ill., Aug. 2Police sealed off a Negro housing project when snipers fired at police directing traffic around a fire started by a fire bomb. The rioters broke into, turned over, and torched over seventy cars, and continued to throw rocks and bottles, along with Molotov cocktails assembled in nearby homes, bars, restaurants, and other establishments. I wanted to keep the tension up, Holmes recalls. By 9 p.m. there were approximately 150 black Marines along with 100 white Marines in the clubroom. The mutiny charges were dropped and eventually the other charges were too, in exchange for the three Marines accepting unfavorable administrative separations in lieu of courts-martial. Vallejo, Calif., May 21Negroes stoned cars, snipers battled police after a drag race was broken up. Rainfall near a quarter of an inch. For self-defense, he bought an AR-15 for $500, similar to the M16 he carried in the Marines. In 1969, Bruce Lieber was 20 years old and facing the draft. notes. Mount Vernon, N.Y., July 26Rock-throwing, looting. The U.S. plans to His family was never notified of his death, and after 90 days, his remains were cremated and his ashes interred in a mass grave for unclaimed bodies in Los Angeles County. The helicopter put the men ashore in Vietnam. After the Camp Lejeuene riot in July 1969, tensions on the base reached the point where even seasoned combat veterans were afraid to walk around at night. By 6 a.m., Lieber and his fellow MPs reached an area near army Hattiesburg, Miss., July 22Police arrested 27 Negroes for disturbing peace in a boycott of stores. He had real bad PTSD.. I was playing Whats Going On by Marvin Gaye, and I was playing Bring the Boys Home by Freda Payne, Jenkins recalls. [1] Most of the Black Marines came from poor, rural communities from Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. One night he fired it at a thief who tried to steal a barbecue from his yard. Between 1950 and 1980, 1.5 million service members received less than fully honorable discharges, often referred to as bad paper discharges, through administrative separations with racial bias often playing a role in those decisions. He married, and when he had a family to support, he left school in favor of getting a full-time job as a truck driver. Tucson and Phoenix, Ariz., July 23, 24 and 26Negroes fought police two nights in Tucson, then in Phoenix. One white lieutenant is said to have had a Black Marine thrown into the ships brig a jail with barred cells and fed only bread and water for three days for nothing more than not having his uniform completely in order. Passaic, N.J., July 27Vandalism hit this city which had escaped the earlier wave of violence in New Jersey. Barnwell (right) and a fellow Marine on the Sumters flight deck in September 1972. Bricks and bottles hit Lieber on the head and the arm. Jenkins doesnt deny that he was involved in this fight, but his memory isnt clear on the details. Police here also said they were helped in controlling crowd by using the Chemical Mace. cars toward the guards and setting three buildings on fire, In one case, after excelling as a computer programmer for a bank and earning promotions, Jenkins was called in one day and terminated, with no explanation other than an ominous hint that they had found out something about his past. Supermarket windows were broken. fighting the Russians now. However, he acknowledges Japan wants My parents were Holocaust survivors from One killed, several injured. On the night of July 20th, 1969, several units of the 2nd Marine Division were celebrating at an NCO Club prior to their deployment to the Sixth Fleet in Spain. Youngstown, Ohio, July 22Negroes threw dynamite and fire bombs, harassed police and firemen. Rampant alcohol and drug use among Americans made the MPs task Japan Times. "[3] In response to this and other racial incidents, the military made "a "concerted effort to encourage opportunities for cultural diversity and racial pride amongst minority groups.[9]. exciting.. Milwaukee, July 30 into early AugustNational Guardsmen went in to halt Negro rioting that left four persons dead, scores injured. Anyone can read what you share. Rockford, Ill., July 29 and 30Two nights of disorders caused 11 injuries, 44 arrests. drafted and end up for two years in the infantry or worse, the The same officer returned to the brig to further harass and physically beat the man, according to the legal teams account. Whether a camp hires professionals to be counselors, or brings in professionals for a special treat to campers, their knowledge and experience can have significant impact on what the ca. About 800 United States troops and military policemen fired warning shots and scores of tear gas shells to disperse the rioters. The occupation was It took National Guardsmen to quell first uprising. and into the road, where they set fire to them. Liebers tour in Okinawa wasnt all about civil unrest. As Jenkins slowly rebuilt his life, he lost track of the only two people who truly understood what happened to him: Barnwell and Blackwell. he stumbled upon a Japanese camera crew filming a segment on the Along with the lawyers Bill Schaap and Doug Sorensen, the legal assistants Ellen Ray and Lubow helped Jenkins, Barnwell and Blackwell mount a defense during the militarys equivalent of a grand jury hearing. Pfc. Adm. Elmo Zumwalt, the Navys top admiral, ordered an investigation into racial strife. (11 Jul 1967) The town of Waterllo, Iowa suffered an outbreak of racial rioting. harder. Okinawa was a beautiful place, Encountering slow service at a restaurant run by white people, he suspected racism and wasnt quiet about it. I was young and nave. One black marine, a decorated veteran of Vietnam, who was branded a "militant", or troublemaker, on the base, told a newsman that he had grown tired of trying to make it in the Corps and being thwarted by discriminatory practices. 10 arrested. Three persons wounded. Trouble had already flared up in July outside the gates of the U.S. Navys base in Subic Bay, Philippines, during a port call. The capital, construction and facilities department at Cuyahoga Community College is seeking public input for the colleges 10-Year Integrated Facilities Plan. Property and cars were damaged.Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.ap. About 800 United States troops and military policemen fired warning shots and scores of tear gas shells to disperse the rioters. Black and white Marines alike recall that a series of fistfights throughout the deployment increased in frequency in the early days of September on Sumter. Cause the white mans got a God complex.. Outbreak followed a speech by SNCC leader "Rap" Brown, who was later arrested, charged with inciting to riot. Bettmann/Getty Images. heard another crash. His sister Patricia Gorman says Barnwell lived in San Diego after leaving the Marine Corps, frequently moving from one apartment to another. The three Marines in Okinawa were never told why the lawyer promised to them never arrived, and they came to rely on a free legal clinic in Koza, outside of Kadena Air Base, where Bart Lubow, a 25-year-old civilian from Long Island, N.Y., worked as a legal assistant. Sometimes soldiers were sent off the island, and if there was a The U.S.S. Sumter.CreditFrom Bart Lubow. Wyandanch, N.Y., Aug. 1Beginning several nights of violence, Negroes roamed business areas, hurling rocks at store windows and police, setting several fires. Ironically, it was the same night that Neil Armstrong first set foot on the moon. 20, three white Marines were hospitalized one with stab wounds to the back after 44 Marines fought it out on base; one white Marine later died from his injuries. View a list of stores and vendors. During the 1970 Koza riot, ex-MP Bruce Lieber helped contain Absolutely, I told them, Lieber recalls. Anyone can read what you share. Prices start at $65 per year. (Bob Dean/Globe Staff) --- BGPA Reference: 140902_MJ_022 July 16Recurring violence. Incidents like what happened on the Sumter were common on military bases and warships around the world in the late 1960s and early 1970s a reflection of what was happening more broadly as the civil rights movement gained traction across the United States. Achievement for his initiative and devotion to duty during the I had to put on a different face to the world just to survive.. still this Cold War mentality that we need this base. The congressmen felt the reforms were the problem, and hopefully Zumwalt would be fired, his programs abolished and the Navy would go back to the way it was in the 1950s.. to a less-populated area in the north. A total of 21 men were charged for their roles in the riots, with 16 of. Sarah Pruitt. Rarely was an American given prison time. He knew I was supposed to be out of the Marine Corps in November anyway, so he was just trying to get me to flip on my friends. Holmes refused. Incidents of criminal American behavior were plentiful, Lieber fired warning shots, and the crowd retreated long enough for the National Guard restored order. [1] [2] In the riot, approximately 60 Americans and 27 Okinawans were injured, 80 cars were burned, and several buildings on Kadena Air Base were destroyed or heavily damaged. CincinnatiThree separate outbreaksJune 12 through 19, July 3, 4 and 5, and July 27caused one death,many injuries, upward of 3 million dollars in damages and 400 arrests. The local Okinawan police took away A National Guardsman stands at the ready at a Detroit intersection during the summer riots of 1967. Chance of rain 90%. The MPs could only watch as the crowd pushed American cars, National Guard and State police helped local police quell the rioting. The incident broke. The GI was By the time the bloodshed, burning and looting ended after five days, 43 people were dead, 342. move the military installation from the central part of the island There are varying accounts of what happened and why. [8] The Americans got out of their car and made sure the man was alright; he presently stood up and walked away. Roughly 5,000 Okinawans clashed with roughly 700 American MPs in an event which has been regarded as symbolic of Okinawan anger against 25 years of US military occupation. Wadesboro, N.C., July 22Negroes went on rock-throwing rampage after a Negro was shot and run over by a car. The outcome could have been much worse. Subscribe today! After proving his firsthand role in the uprising he had The explosion of racial violence on the Marine Corps' main East Coast infantry base left one white Marine dead and more than a dozen others injured some seriously. Barnwell (second from left) and Jenkins (right, in glasses) in formation with other Marines. combat-fatigued GIs arrived straight from the jungles of Vietnam. Two Negroes killed; $60,000 damage. East St. Louis, Ill., July 27 and 28Two nights of window-smashing and fire-bombing brought 23 arrests. Sumter was steaming off the coast of Vietnam, a Marine onboard dropped the needle on the turntable in front of him, sending music to the loudspeakers bolted to the bulkheads in the cavernous spaces where hundreds of sailors and Marines slept and hung out. In the last decade, he kept in touch via a website with some MPs Cleveland, April 16Negro youths smashed windows and looted stores in Hough area, scene of 1966 rioting. You think youre so smart, dont you? the Marine screamed in Jenkinss face. jumped out of his car and pulled the couple into the vehicle. [1] It was subsequently investigated by the military[3] and led to widespread changes in military race relations and policy.[4]. The streets of Koza were lit tered with broken bottles and with garbage that had been hurled at the American troops, he said. Alexander Jenkins Jr. (back left, in glasses) and Pfc. Englewood, N.J., July 22 through 24Several nights of violence. In 2001, Barnwell called Gorman to say the cancer he had once beaten was back and he might have H.I.V. Nine arrested. Denver, Colo., July 31Police arrested a dozen youths a crowd of about 100 Negroes bombarded police with rocks and bottles after breaking shopping center windows. occupation and the suffering of the local population. feistier. New Rochelle, N.Y., July 27Negro youths returning from a community-action program threw rocks through windows and looted stores. On the corner, uptown. Charles S. Ross in trying to keep the heat off their friends who had just been flown off the ship. The rioters pulled American servicemen from their cars and beat them, then burned their cars. Days after Jenkins was reprimanded, larger and more intense fights among the Marines broke out. I didnt want to get shot without a trial, he recalled. Naha AB was the smaller of . Jenkins remembers being pulled into a small room on the ship and questioned by a group of higher-ranking white Marines about the Harlem-based hip-hop pioneers spoken-word song, which touched on poverty, prostitution, drugs, the military-industrial complex, white supremacy and the killings of Native Americans and Blacks. Detroit, a city with a reputation for being almost a model in race relations, erupted in mid-1967 with the nearest thing to civil war in a century. (first) wife to the island. Koza was a bustling entertainment and shopping district just outside Gate 2 of Kadena Air Base, . Louisville, Ky., April 11 to mid-JuneNegro demonstrations for open housing drew harassment from whites who threw rocks and bottles. He said he saw Okinawans filling bottles with gasoline at nearby filling stations and distributing them. 5660 American servicemembers and 27 Okinawans injured; This page was last edited on 3 April 2023, at 01:03. About 15 years ago, he joined a local V.F.W. Jenkins had wanted to join the Corps since he was very young, and studied its history before joining at age 17. Although two white Marines initially were charged with assault and one with inciting to riot, all three were acquitted. I knew from listening to Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. that the oppressor always feels like when they cut the head off the snake that things will go back to normal, Holmes says. Tense conditions and simmering violence are detailed in the 1973 account written by the legal team. PHOTO/KOZA Los Angeles, June 13 and July 6Negroes pelted firemen rocks and bottles in and near the Watts area, scene of a massive riot in 1965. On Jan. 2, 1973, the subcommittee issued its report, placing all of the blame on Black sailors it called thugs and deemed to be mostly of below-average mental capacity. It further blamed the programs Zumwalt had instituted to eradicate systemic racism within the Navy for creating a culture of permissiveness instead of taking a strict law-and-order approach with Black sailors and Marines. Only one white Marine, Sgt. resentment erupted into a riot on Dec. 20, 1970. People were pushing the American couple around. Zumwalt held onto his job, retiring in 1974. Washington, D.C., Aug. 1The nation's capital, near two-thirds Negro in population, appeared heading for a riot when bands of Negro youths went on a midnight rampage, tossing bottles and bricks, smashing dozens of store windows, setting a dozen small fires. (AP). National Guardsmen protected the Kentucky Derby. The response the Black Marines received to their organizing, Jenkins said, was violence. We held classes on Black history on the ship, and I would talk to the other Black Marines about nonviolent resistance. That didnt matter. This riot occurred in the city o. Waterloo, Ia., July 9 and 10Five hurt in two nights of minor disturbances. The riot resulted in the deaths of 43 people, including 33 African Americans and 10 whites. Theres You have to know what to do and what not to do. Jenkins set out on the straight and narrow, opting out of joints passed around at parties and being meticulous about observing traffic laws. The Camp Lejeune incident refers to the outbreak of hostilities between black and white enlisted Marines at an NCO Club near the United States Marine Corps's Camp Lejeune in North Carolina, on the evening of July 20, 1969. There, in the town of Olongapo, sailors and Marines availed themselves of every kind of vice in the de facto racially segregated entertainment district. Lieber says. National Guardsmen have been called out more than 20 times to help police, and oncein DetroitU.S. DOCUMENT. South Bend, Ind., July 26National Guard was sent in after roving Negro gangs fought police, looted stores. Plainfield, Irvington, Orange, East Orange, Montclair, Asbury Park, New Brunswick, Elizabeth, Paterson, Jersey CityIn wake of Newark rioting, violence spread into all these nearby New Jersey cities. In Koza, Sacramento, Calif., July 26 and 27Store windows were smashed, fire bombs thrown. Washington, D.C. GPO, 1973. Hartford, Conn., July 14Eleven policemen were hurt, 20 Negroes arrested as gangs threw bricks and fire bombs. Rain and snow in the morning changing to rain late. Dayton, Ohio, June 14 through 17An outburst of window smashing, fire-setting and looting followed a speech by Habert G. ("Rap") Brown, head of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. The bad discharge is a constant reinforcement of a negative self-image, a reminder that the individual is unsuitable, unfit or undesirable in the eyes of his country. With that stigma, the Sumter Three were all but guaranteed a life of hardship without reprieve. I was full of piss and vinegar back then, Jenkins says. Fresno, Calif., July 16An antipoverty worker was wounded by gunshot. Sign up for our newsletter to get the best of At War delivered to your inbox every week. The five days of rioting left 26 people dead and lasting scars that still mark the city to this day. Poland and proud to come to this country and be Americans.. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. the men. Jenkins kept playing the newest records and tapes he could find by Black artists, many of which reflected the antiwar and Black-liberation movements happening at home, alongside country and western albums and hits by the Beatles. populace. The Untold Story of the Black Marines Charged With Mutiny at Sea Racial strife aboard a Navy ship left three men facing the threat of the death penalty. He left Okinawa in December 1971, completed his army tour of officer housing, where Marines and over 200 MPs had established a In interviews with The Times, a half-dozen sailors and Marines who were on the Sumter recalled these fights some started by whites, others by Blacks. Its a damn record, OK? They accused Jenkins of playing music that would incite a riot. Lance Cpl. John B. Krueger, according to an account written a few months afterward by the defense team that Jenkins, Barnwell and Blackwell soon needed. "You get tired of trying behind that action," he said. angry Okinawans who overturned and burned American cars. Thats when Krueger, two first lieutenants, a gunnery sergeant and a staff sergeant came to arrest Jenkins. As the world remembers the 50th anniversary of this landing, it is often forgotten from where those initial troops were dispatched: Okinawa. Regardless of what happened, the local police couldnt do The three Marines became little more than statistics in the Corpss dismal record of race relations in the Vietnam era. [4][13], A song on the eponymous debut album of the Okinawa-based electronic duo Ryukyu Underground is entitled "Koza Riot".[14]. The services have made progress in adding Black and female officers, but have largely failed to place people of color into leadership roles at the very top, which in 2020 are still almost entirely filled by white men. In the summer of 1967, Newark, N. J., exploded into violence. The Sumter incident was not included. Sign up to receive the latest updates from U.S News & World Report and our trusted partners and sponsors. The Samuel H. 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But we wanted them to know that, no, the tension is still here.. Boston, MA - 6/2/1967: Boston Police officers wearing riot helmets and carrying batons arrest rioters in Roxbury on June 2, 1967. [10][11], Another American car arriving on the scene accidentally struck one belonging to an Okinawan, and as passersby and people from the neighborhood stopped to get involved, the crowd grew to around 700, began to throw rocks and bottles, and attempted to turn over the car involved in the original accident. All United States military bases on Okinawa were put on alert. On duty as the officer of the day on Sept. 7, he heard a verbal disagreement outside the mess decks that quickly escalated into the smacking sounds of fists. Marin City, Calif., July 26 and 27Negroes set fires, shot at firemen. It began following a police raid on an unlicensed bar, known locally as a "blind pig." They kept him in a shed, and he could only see from peeking out through the cracks, she says. He was shown 20 to 25 witness statements from white Marines recounting the incident with the butter knives. His sister Linda Page puts it bluntly: When he got out he was a total mess. In one of Pages spare bedrooms, he kicked the heroin habit he brought back with him, but he continued to drink heavily. University and was likely headed to Vietnam. Holmes passed out butter knives to other Black Marines while on the mess deck at mealtime, just so the white Marines would know that things had not smoothed over. A crowd of onlookers remained behind to discuss the accident. While the occupation of Japan came to an end and most of Japan regained its independence in April 1952, Okinawa Prefecture was to remain under US military occupation for another twenty years. I really dont understand, Jenkins countered. The House Armed Services Committee, led by the staunch segregationist F. Edward Hbert of Louisiana, immediately ordered an investigation of the events aboard the two carriers. He drove it into me that if the cops stop you, thats their chance to mess you up. Holmes was joined by Pfc. She recalls him talking about his time on Okinawa awaiting his court-martial. The servicemen involved in that incident were acquitted at their court-martial. They tapped Ed Bell, a young Oakland-based lawyer who planned to catch a military cargo flight to meet his clients in Okinawa. It is said to have erupted spontaneously without any planning from tensions which had reached a breaking point. In 18 States: no race violence reported. In May 1971, a fight between hundreds of Black and white airmen at Travis Air Force Base in California resulted in the officers club being burned to the ground. Lieber Memphis, Tenn., July 27Violence subsided quickly when National Guard moved into the Memphis area. Most of the guys were Korea and World War II guys who carried these same issues, Jenkins says. Many other people were injured, more than 7,000 people were arrested, and more than . This year's riot season began April 7. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Using professionals for camps that are niche-focused can be a great way to enhance a campers experiences. It was only when Holmes disembarked the ship in Okinawa in October that he learned that he too was in trouble. Nashville, Tenn., April 8-10Negro college students rioted three successive nights after a speech by "black power" leader Stokely Carmichael. Jenkins still lives in Detroit, where he has quietly spent the last four decades distancing himself from what happened on the Sumter, while still maintaining a fierce pride in having been a Marine.
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